Biotechnology is a broad term that encompasses a variety of scientific techniques including genetic modification (GM) and genetic engineering (GE). Organisms including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, can be modified by these methods. GM includes any process that alters the genetic make-up of an organism, including conventional breeding. GE involves the specific transfer, removal, or modification of one or more genes in an organism. Biotechnology is used to produce medicines, industrial enzymes, novel crops and agricultural products, for bioremediation, and for biological research. There is considerable debate among various stakeholders including industry, government, the scientific community, consumers, and special interest groups, over the potential environmental impact and health consequences of biotechnological products. This debate has global consequences for countries with vastly different policies concerning the production and trade of GE products.

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